
Saint Tropez
Boutique is one of the most reputable companies who distribute genuine
Moroccan crinoids fossils in the
USA
SAINT TROPEZ BOUTIQUE
25 EVELYN WAY. SAN FRANCISCO , CALIFORNIA USA
WWW.SAINTTROPEZSTONE.COM
P: (415) 513-5920
Email:
sales@sainttropezstone.com
Crinoids,
also known as "sea lilies" or "feather-stars", are marine animals
that make up the class Crinoidea
of the echinoderms
(phylum Echinodermata). They
live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters.
Crinoids are characterized by a
mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms. They have a
U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth. Although the basic
echinoderm pattern of five-fold symmetry can be recognized, most crinoids have
many more than five arms. Crinoids usually have a stem used to attach themselves
to a
substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming
as adults. There are only a few hundred known modern forms, but crinoids were
much more numerous both in species and numbers in the past. Some thick
limestone beds
dating to the mid- to
late-Paleozoic are entirely made up of disarticulated
crinoids fragmentsThe earliest
known crinoids come from the
Ordovician.
They are thought to have evolved from primitive echinoderms known as
Eocystoids. Confusingly, another
early group of echinoderms were also the
Eocrinoids, but that group is currently thought to be an ancestor of
blastoids
rather than of crinoids. Some fossil crinoids, such as
Pentacrinites, seem to have lived attached to floating driftwood and
complete colonies are often found. Sometimes this driftwood would become
waterlogged and sink to the bottom, taking the attached crinoids with it. The
stem of Pentacrinites can
be several metres long. Modern relatives of
Pentacrinites live in
gentle currents attached to rocks by the end of their stem, which is fairly
short .
Most modern
crinoids
are free-swimming and lack a stem. Examples of free-swimming
crinoid fossils
include
Marsupitsa,
Saccocoma and Uintacrinus. Many fossils of
free-swimming crinoids (such as
Pterocoma) are found in the
Jurassic-dated
Solnhofen limestone of
Solnhofen in
Germany, and the
Cretaceous-dated
Niobrara chalk of Kansas contains large numbers of
Uintacrinus.
In 2005, a stalked
crinoids was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off
the Grand Bahamas Island. While it has been known that stalked
crinoids move, prior to this recording the fastest motion of a
crinoid was 0.6
meters/hour (2 ft/h). The 2005 recording showed a
crinoid moving at
140 meters/hour (460 ft/h).[1]
Crinoids comprise three basic sections; the Stem, Calyx, and the
Arms. The stem is composed of highly porous ossicles which are
filled with muscular tissue. The Calyx contains the
crinoid's
digestive and reproductive organs, and the mouth is located at
the top of the dorsal cup, while the anus is located peripheral
to it. The brachials(arms) display pentameral symmetry and
comprise smaller
ossicles than the stem and are equipped with cirri which
facilitate feeding by moving the the organic media down the arm
and into the mouth.
Crinoids
reproduce sexually by the males releasing their sperm and the
females releasing their eggs into the current where they will
develop into a bottom-dwelling non-feeding larval stage and then
eventually grow a stalk(in the stalked crinoids), and within 10
to 16 months will be able to reproduce. In some cases the female
of the species has been known to temporarily
brood
the
larva.
The crinoids
have had an eventful geologic history. Once evolved, they soon
spread to a variety of marine habitats. The group as a whole
suffered a major crisis during the
Permian period when most of the crinoid forms of the
Palaeozoic era died out, with a few surviving into the
Triassic period. During the
Mesozoic era there was another great radiation of the
crinoids with more modern forms possessing flexible arms
becoming widespread.
The long and varied geological history of the
crinoids demonstrates how well the
echinoderms have adapted to filter-feeding. The
fossils of other stalked filter-feeding
echinoderms, such as
blastoids, are also found in the rocks of
the
Palaeozoic era. These extinct groups can
exceed the crinoids in both numbers and variety
in certain horizons. They were evidently
competing with the crinoids on an equal basis.
However, none of these others survived the
crisis at the end of the Permian period.
An
abundance of (stemmed)
crinoids occurs in the rocks of the
Silurian period in the United Kingdom and
the eastern United States, the Devonian period
of Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, New York state
and the Hunsrück Slates near Bundenbach in the
Eifel region of Germany, the Carboniferous
period of the United Kingdom, Belgium and
Russia, the Mississippian period of Iowa,
Indiana, and Alabama, the Pennsylvanian period
of the mid-continental United States, the
Permian period of the island of Timor, and the
Triassic period of Germany. They are the state
fossil of Missouri. Some prehistoric crinoids,
like
Solanocrinus, lacked stems.
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Moreno Valley, Murietta, Norco, Ontario, Perris, Pomona, Rancho Cucamonga,
Redlands, Rialto, Riverside, Rowland Heights, San Bernardino, San Dimas, San
Jacinto, Sun City, Temecula, Upland, Valle Vista, Walnut, Yucaipa,El Dorado
Hills, Fair Oaks, Lincoln, Roseville, Sacramento, Walnut Grove, West
Sacramento,southern Orange County: Aliso Viejo, Corona del Mar, (part of) Costa
Mesa, El Toro, (most of) Irvine, Laguna Beach, Laguna Niguel, Mission Viejo,
(most of) Newport Beach, Rancho Santa Margarita, San Clemente, San Juan
Capistrano, (most of) Tustin,Arvada, Aurora, Boulder, Brighton, Broomfield,
Castle Rock, Deer Trail, Denver, Englewood, Evergreen, Fort Lupton, Georgetown,
Golden, Grant, Greeley, Kiowa, Lafayette, Lakewood, Larkspur, Littleton,
Longmont, Nederland, Parker, Roggen, Westminster,Agate, Alamosa, Bethune,
Burlington, Canon City, Colorado Springs, Creede, Del Norte, Fairplay, Flagler,
Florence, La Junta, Lamar, Leadville, Limon, Monte Vista, Pueblo, Salida,
Trinidad, Walsenburg, Woodland Park,Aspen, Berthoud, Carbondale, Clifton,
Cortez, Craig, Dillon, Durango, Estes Park, Fort Collins, Fort Morgan, Frisco,
Grand Junction, Greeley, Gunnison, Lake City, Loveland, Montrose, Pagosa
Springs, Rifle, Seibert, Silverton, Steamboat Springs, Sterling, Telluride,
Vail, Vona, Wiggins, Winter Park, Yuma, Mesa Verde N.P., Rocky Mountain
N.P,Bridgeport, Danbury, Greenwich, Meriden, New Haven, Norwalk, Stamford,
Waterbury,Bristol, Groton, Hartford, Manchester, New Britain, New London,
Norwich, Torrington, Vernon, Willimantic, Windsor,Bonita Springs, Cape Coral,
Everglades, Flamingo, Fort Myers, Fort Myers Beach, Immokalee, Lehigh Acres,
Marco Island, Monroe Station, Naples, North Cape Coral, North Fort Myers, North
Naples, Pine Island, Sanibel/Captiva Islands; Collier, Lee, and (mainland
portion of) Monroe Counties,Coral Gables, Hialeah, Homestead, Key Biscayne, Key
Largo, Key West, Marathon, Miami, Perrine,Cape Canaveral, Cocoa Beach, Grant,
Melbourne, Merritt Island, Palm Bay, Port St. John, Titusville,Beverly Hills,
Bronson, Brooksville, Clermont, Cross City, Dade City, Eustis, Gainesville,
Inverness, Keystone Heights, Lady Lake, Leesburg, Mount Dora, Ocala, Spring
Hill, Tavares,western area: Alachua, Branford, Dowling Park, Florida Sheriffs
Boys Ranch, Fort White, High Springs, Jasper, Jennings, Lake Butler, Lake City,
Live Oak, Luraville, Mayo, Raiford, Wellborn, White Springs,southern area:
Bostwick, Bunnell, Crescent City, Daytona Beach, De Leon Springs, DeBary,
Deland, (part of) Deltona, Flagler Beach, Florahome, Interlachen, Marineland,
New Smyrna Beach, Oak Hill, Orange City, Palatka, Palm Coast, Pierson, Pomona
Park, Welaka; special note: the Osteen area of Deltona and the DeBary ,Altamonte
Springs, Apopka, Geneva, Kenansville, Kissimmee, Orlando, Sanford, Winter
Garden, Winter Park, Yeehaw ,Belle Glade, Boca Raton, Boynton Beach, Delray
Beach, Jupiter, Lake Harbor, Pahokee, West Palm Beach; Palm Beach County ,Aripeka,
Clearwater, Dunedin, Hudson, Largo, New Port Richey, Palm Harbor, Pinellas Park,
St. Petersburg, Tarpon Springs, Tierra Verde,Fort Pierce, Gifford, Hobe Sound,
Indiantown, Jensen Beach, Port St. Lucie, Sebastian, Stuart, Vero Beach; Indian
River and St. Lucie Counties and most of Martin County,Brandon, Land O' Lakes,
Oldsmar, Plant City, Ruskin, Sun City, Tampa, Wesley Chapel, Wimauma,
Zephyrhills,Crestview, De Funiak Springs, Ft. Walton Beach, Madison, Marianna,
Milton, Panama City, Pensacola, Perry, Quincy, Tallahassee,Arcadia, Avon Park,
Bartow, Clewiston, Frostproof, Haines City, La Belle, Lake Wales, Lakeland,
Moore Haven, Okeechobee, Sebring, Wauchula, Winter Haven,Baldwin, Callahan, East
Palatka, Fernandina Beach, Green Cove Springs, Hastings, Hilliard, Jacksonville,
Jacksonville Beach, Julington, Kingsley Lake, Lawtey, Macclenny, Maxville,
Middleburg, Olustee, Orange Mills, Orange Park, Ormond Beach, Palm Valley, Ponte
Vedra Beach, Port Orange, St. Augustine, St. Johns, Sanderson, Starke, Taylor,
Yulee,Boca Grande, Bradenton, Cape Haze, Englewood, Myakka, North Port,
Palmetto, Port Charlotte, Punta Gorda, Sarasota, Venice; Charlotte, Manatee, and
Sarasota Counties,Coral Springs, Davie, Deerfield Beach, Ft. Lauderdale,
Hollywood, Margate, Miramar, Oakland Park, Pompano Beach, Tamarac ,Adel, Albany,
Americus, Bainbridge, Blakely, Brooklyn, Cairo, Camilla, Chattahoochee, Cordele,
Dawson (Terrell Co.), Fitzgerald, Georgetown, Moultrie, Quitman, Sylvester,
Thomasville, Tifton, Valdosta,Atlanta, College Park, Decatur, East Point, Forest
Park, Sandy Springs,Dublin, Eastman, Forsyth, Fort Valley, Hardwick, Macon,
Milledgeville, Millen, Perry, Sandersville, Swainsboro, Warner Robbins,
Wrightsville,Alpharetta, Barnesville, Canton, Carrollton, Cartersville,
Cedartown, Chamblee, Covington, Dunwoody, Gainesville, Griffin, Jackson,
Marietta, Monroe, Newnan, Norcross, Peachtree City, Roswell, Smyrna, Tucker,
Winder; surrounds, but does not include, Atlanta,northern/eastern area: Athens,
Augusta, Big Canoe, Braselton, Calhoun, Carnesville, Cave Spring, Cleveland,
Commerce, Cornelia, Dahlonega, Dalton, Dawsonton, Dawsonville (Dawson Co.),
Eatonton, Elberton, Ellijay, Fairmount, Gibson, Hephzibah, Jasper, Jefferson, La
Fayette, Madison, Martinez, Maysville, Monticello, Nicholson, Pendergrass,
Ranger, Rome, Rutledge, Sparta, Summerville, Thomson, Toccoa, Watkinsville,
Waynesboro, Wintersville, Wrens southwestern area: Columbus, Cusseta, Franklin,
Gay, Geneva, Greenville, Hamilton, Hogansville, La Grange, Manchester, North
West Point, Pine Mountain, Talbotton, Thomaston, Warm Springs, Waverly Hall,
West Point, Woodbury, Woodlandsouth central area: Yatesville,Brunswick, Douglas,
Hinesville, Jesup, St. Marys, Savannah, Statesboro, Sylvania, Vidalia,
Waycross,Guam,Allison, Anamosa, Aplington, Argyle, Belle Plaine, Birmingham,
Brandon, Brighton, Burlington, Cantril, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Center Point,
Central City, Clarksville, Clutier, Coggon, Conesville, Denver, Dike, Dunkerton,
Elberon, Ely, Fairbank, Farmington, Fort Madison, Frederika, Grandview, Grundy
Center, Guernsey, Hartwick, Hazleton, Independence, Iowa City, Jesup, Keokuk,
Keosauqua, Keswick, Keystone, La Porte City, Lisbon, Lockridge, Lone Tree,
Martelle, Mechanicsville, Monticello, Morley, Mt. Pleasant, Mt. Sterling, Mt.
Vernon, Nichols, North English, Oelwein, Olin, Onslow, Packwood, Parkersburg,
Plainfield, Prairieburg, Primrose, Quasqueton, Readlyn, Reinbeck, Richland,
Rowley, Solon, South English, Springville, Stanwood, Stockport, Traer, Tripoli,
Troy Mills, Urbana, Victor, Vinton, Walker, Washington, Waterloo, Waverly,
Wellman, West Branch, West Chester, West Liberty, Winthrop,Adel, Alden, Algona,
Altoona, Ames, Buckeye, Clarion, Colfax, Corwith, Dallas Center, De Soto, Des
Moines, Dexter, Dows, Earlham, Elkhart, Ft. Dodge, Indianola, Jefferson, Lakota,
McCallsburg, Maxwell, Minburn, Nevada, Norwalk, Perry, Pleasantville, Redfield,
Rippey, Runnells, Stuart, Webster City, Winterset,Alpha, Arlington, Atalissa,
Baldwin, Bernard, Bettendorf, Cascade, Center Junction, Clarence, Clinton,
Cresco, Davenport, Decorah, Dubuque, Fredericksburg, Hawkeye, Hopkinton, Lamont,
Lawler, Lime Springs, Manchester, Maqoketa, Maynard, Moscow, Muscatine, North
Chester, Oran, Oxford Junction, Protivin, Quad Cities, Randalia, Rochester,
Ryan, Sumner, Tipton, Worthington, Wyoming,Adair, Bagley, Britt, Buffalo Center,
Centerville, Charles City, Clear Lake, Colo, Corning, Creston, Fairfield, Forest
City, Garner, Greenfield, Grinnell, Guthrie Center, Hubbard, Iowa Falls,
Jamaica, Kanawha, Knoxville, Liberty Center, Linden, Lorimor, Macksburg,
Marshalltown, Martensdale, Mason City, Menlo, Milo, Mingo, Monroe, New Hampton,
Newton, Osceola, Oskaloosa, Otley, Ottumwa, Pella, Peru, Prairie City, Rowan,
St. Charles, St. Marys, Truro, Yale, Zearing,Atlantic, Bedford, Carroll,
Cherokee, Clarinda, Council Bluffs, Denison, Emmetsburg, Estherville, Glenwood,
Harlan, Pocahontas, Red Oak, Rockwell City, Shenandoah, Sioux Center, Sioux
City, Spencer, Storm Lake, western,Beardstown, Carlinville, Carrollton,
Carthage, Champaign, Charleston, Clinton, Danville, Decatur, Effingham,
Hoopeston, Jacksonville, Lincoln, Litchfield, Lomax, Mattoon, Pana, Paxton,
Rantoul, Springfield,Bloomington, Canton, Farmer City, Geneseo, Havana, Kewanee,
Lacon, Moline, Monmouth, Normal, Pekin, Peoria, Quad Cities, Rock Island,Alton,
Belleview, Belleville, Benton, Carbondale, Carmi, Centralia, Chester,
Collinsville, Du Quoin, East St. Louis, Fairfield, Granite City, Harrisburg,
Highland, Jerseyville, Marlon, Metropolis, Mt. Carmel, Mt. Vernon, Newton,
Robinson, Salem, Vandalia,Aurora, Bartlett, Batavia, Downers Grove, Elmhurst,
Geneva, Glen Ellyn, Hinsdale, Itasca, Lemont, Lisle, Lombard, Naperville, Plano,
Roselle, West Chicago, Yorkville,Blue Island, Chicago Heights, Cicero, La
Grange, La Grange Park, Lansing, Maywood, Oak Lawn, Oak Park, Orland Park, Palos
Park, River Grove, Riverdale, Summit, Tinley Park,Crystal Lake, De Kalb, Dixon,
Freeport, Harvard, Joliet, Kankakee, Lockport, McHenry, Oglesby, Peru, Pontiac,
Princeton, Rochelle, Rock Falls, Rockford, Sterling, Watseka,
Woodstock,Arlington Heights, Barrington, Deerfield, Des Plaines, Dundee, Elgin,
Elk Grove Village, Evanston, Highland Park, Lake Forest, Libertyville,
Northbrook, Palatine, Roselle, Schaumburg, Skokie, Waukegan; Brook, Cedar Lake,
Chesterton, Crown Point, Demotte, Dyer, East Chicago, Francesville, Gary,
Goodland, Hammond, Hanna, Hebron, Highland, Hobart, Kentland, Kouts, La Crosse,
La Porte, Lake of the Four Seasons, Lake Station, Lake Village,
Lowell,Medaryville, Merrillville, Michigan City, Monon, Morocco, Mount Ayr,
Portage, Remington, Rensselaer, Reynolds, Rolling Prairie, Roselawn, St. John,
San Pierre, Union Mills, Valparaiso, Wanatah, Westville, Wheatfield, Wheeler,
Whiting, Wolcott;Albion, Andrews, Angola, Arcola, Ashley, Auburn, Avilla, Berne,
Bippus, Bluffton, Bryant, Butler, Churubusco, Columbia City, Corunna, Craigville,
Cromwell, Decatur, Etna, Fort Wayne, Fremont, Garrett, Geneva (Adams Co.),
Hamilton, Harlan, Howe, Huntertown, Huntington, Kendallville, Kimmell, Lagrange,
Lagro, Larwill, Laud, Leo, Liberty Center, Ligonier, Linn Grove, Markle, Mongo,
Monroe, Monroeville, New Haven, North Manchester, Orland, Ossian, Pennville,
Petroleum, Pleasant Lake, Pleasant Mills, Poe Hoagland, Pokagon, Portland,
Preble, Reservoir, Roanoke, Saint Joe, Salamonia, Shipshewana, Sidney, Silver
Lake, South Milford, South Whitley, Spencerville, Tocsin, Topeka, Tri-Lakes
area, Uniondale, Urbana, Wabash, Warren, Waterloo, Wawaka, West Wabash,
Wolcottville, Woodburn, Zanesville,Brownsburg, Carmel, Fishers, Franklin,
Greenfield, Greenwood, Indianapolis, Noblesville, Shelbyville, Sheridan,Akron,
Argos, Atwood, Bourbon, Bremen, Bristol, Buffalo, Burket, Burnettsville,
Burrows, Camden, Claypool, Culver, Deer Creek, Dunlap, Elkhart, Flora, Fulton,
Galveston, Goshen, Hamlet, Idaville, Kewanna, Knox, Lapaz, Leesburg, Logansport,
Lucerne, Macy, Mentone, Middlebury, Milford, Millersburg, Millwood, Monterey,
Monticello, Nappanee, New Carlisle, New Paris, North Judson, North Liberty,
North Webster, Osceola, Pierceton, Plymouth, Rochester, Royal Center, South
Bend, Star City, Syracuse, Tippecanoe, Twelve Mile, Wakarusa, Walkerton, Walton,
Warsaw, Winamac, Wyatt, Yeoman,Alexandria, Anderson, Brookville, Connersville,
Crawfordsville, Delphi, Frankfort, Geneva (Shelby County), Greencastle, Hartford
City, Kokomo, Lafayette, Lebanon, Marion, Martinsville, Mexico, Muncie, New
Castle, Peru, Richmond, Roann, Rushville, Winchester,Bedford, Bloomington,
Boonville, Brazil, Charlestown, Columbus, Edinburgh, Evansville, Greensburg,
Jasper, Madison, Morgantown, Mt. Vernon, New Albany, Scottsburg, Sellersburg,
Seymour, Tell City, Terre Haute, Vincennes, Washington,Andale, Andover, Augusta,
Bentley, Benton, Cheney, Colwich, Derby, Douglass, El Dorado, Garden Plain,
Goddard, Halstead, Kechi, Leon, Mount Hope, Mulvane, Newton, Rose Hill,
Sedgwick, Towanda, Valley Center, Whitewater, Wichita,Albert, Allen, Americus,
Arkansas City, Atlanta, Beaumont, Belle Plaine, Bronson, Burdett, Burlington,
Burns, Burrton, Bushton, Canton, Cassoday, Cimarron, Claflin, Clearwater,
Coffeyville, Colony, Conway, Conway Springs, Cottonwood Falls, Council Grove,
Devon, Dighton, Dodge City, Dunlap, Durham, Emporia, Fort Scott, Fulton,
Galatia, Galva, Garden City, Geneseo, Great Bend, Hanston, Haven, Healy,
Hesston, Hillsboro, Hoisington, Hutchinson, Independence, Iola, Jetmore,
Kincaid, Larned, Latham, Lebo, Lehigh, Leoti, Leroy, Liberal, Lincolnville,
Little River, Lyons, McPherson, Mapleton, Marienthal, Marion, Milberger,
Murdock, Neosho Falls, Norwich, Olmitz, Parsons, Peabody, Pittsburg, Potwin,
Pretty Prairie, Reading, Riverdale, Rock, Rosalia, Rozel, Scott City, Tribune,
Udall, Ulysses, Walton, Wellington, Windom, Winfield,Abilene, Colby, Ellsworth,
Garnet, Hays, Junction City, La Crosse, Lawrence, Lyndon, Manhattan, Ness City,
Oakley, Oskaloosa, Ottawa, Purcell, Russell, Salina, Sharon Springs, Topeka,
Troy,Atchison, Bush City, Edgerton, Kansas City KS ,Leavenworth, Lenexa, Mound
City, Olathe, Osawatomie, Overland Park, Shawnee, Tonganoxie, Winchester,Bowling
Green, Burkesville, Campbellsville, Elizabethtown, Franklin, Glasgow,
Hopkinsville, Jamestown, Lebanon, Madisonville, Mayfield, Murray, Owensboro,
Paducah, Princeton, Russellville,Bardstown, Fort Knox, Frankfort, Georgetown,
Lawrenceburg, Louisville, Owenton,Albany, Ashland, Brooksville, Corbin,
Flemingsburg, Hazard, Irvine, Liberty, London, McKee, Maysville, Middlesboro,
Monticello, Morehead, Mt. Olivet, Mt. Vernon, Owingsville, Pikeville, Somerset,
South Williamson, Stanford, Stanton, Williamsburg,Berea, Carlisle, Cincinnati
Airport, Covington, Cynthiana, Danville, Falmouth, Harrodsburg, Lexington, Mt.
Sterling, Paris, Richmond, Springfield, Versailles, Warsaw, Williamstown,
Willisburg, Winchester,Albany, Baton Rouge, Donaldsonville, Gonzales,
Greensburg, New Roads, Plaquemine, Vacherie,Alexandria, Bastrop, Bossier City,
Bunkie, Calcasieu, Ferriday, Grambling, Haughton, Many, Marksville, Monroe,
Natchitoches, Oakdale, Ruston, Shreveport, Tallulah, Winnfield,
Winnsboro,Abbeville, Baldwin, Crowley, De Ridder, Eunice, Franklin, Jeanerette,
Jennings, Kaplan, Lafayette, Lake Charles, Leesville, New Iberia, Opelousas,
Sulphur, Ville Platte,Bertrandville, Chalmette, Delacroix, Ironton, Jesuit Bend,
Kenner, Lafitte, Lake Catherine, Metairie, Myrtle Grove, New Orleans, St.
Bernard, Yscloskey,north shore: Amite City, Angie, Bogalusa, Bush, Covington,
Folsom, Franklinton, Hammond, Independence, Kentwood, Lacombe, Madisonville,
Mandeville, Mount Hermon, Pearl River, Pine, Pontchatoula,west of New Orleans:
Chackbay, Edgard, Galliano, Garyville, Gibson, Golden Meadow, Grand Isle, Houma,
Labadieville, Laplace, Larose, Leeville, Lockport, Luling, Montegut, Morgan
City, Napoleonville, Norco, Paradis, Patterson, Pierre Part, Raceland, Reserve,
Thibodaux Mississippi River Delta: Buras, Carlisle, Magnolia, Pointe à la Hache,
Port Sulphur,Adams, Amherst, Greenfield, Holyoke, Northampton, Pittsfield,
Springfield, Ware, Westfield,Attleboro, Brockton, Cape Cod, Fall River,
Falmouth, Framingham, Hyannis, Marlborough, Martha's Vineyard, Nantucket,
Natick, New Bedford, North Easton, Plymouth, Southbridge, Taunton, Walpole,
Wayland, Worcester,Belmont, Boston (including Brighton, Dorchester, Hyde Park,
Jamaica Plain, and Roxbury), Brookline, Cambridge, Chelsea, Everett, Milton,
Newton, Quincy, Somerville, Watertown, Winthrop;Arlington, Braintree,
Burlington, Canton, Chelsea, Cohasset, Dedham, Duxbury, Kingston, Lexington,
Lynn, Malden, Medford, Needham, Randolph, Reading, Revere, Rockland, Saugus,
Stoughton, Wakefield, Waltham, Wellesley, Weymouth, suburbs on all sides of
Boston,Andover, Athol, Barre, Beverly, Billerica, Chelmsford, Concord, Danvers,
Fitchburg, Gloucester, Haverhill, Lawrence, Leominster, Lowell, Maynard,
Methuen, New Salem, Peabody, Salem, Sudbury, Wilmington,Aspen Hill, Bethesda,
Bowie, Brunswick, College Park, Cumberland, Frederick, Gaithersburg, Golden
Beach, Greenbelt, Hagerstown, Hyattsville, Laurel, Lexington Park, Montgomery
Village, New Carrollton, Potomac, Rockville, St. Charles, St. Marys City, Silver
Spring, Wheaton, suburbs of D.C,Aberdeen, Annapolis, Baltimore, Berlin,
Cambridge, Catonsville, Chestertown, Columbia, Crisfield, Dundalk, Easton,
Edgewood, Essex, Glen Burnie, Havre de Grace, Joppatowne, Laurel, Perry Hall,
Pocomoke City, Prince Frederick, Reisterstown, Salisbury, Solomons, Taneytown,
Towson, Westminster;Acme, Amble, Big Rapids, Cadillac, Casnovia, Cheboygan,
Coral, Fruitport, Grant, Howard City, Ludington, Mackinaw City, Manistee,
Muskegon, Newaygo, Petoskey, Ravenna, Traverse City,Birmingham, Farmington
Hills, Ferndale, Holly, Leonard, (part of) Livonia, Novi, Pontiac, Rochester,
Southfield, Troy, Waterford, West Bloomfield, Whitmore Lake; Oakland
County,Allegan, Athens, Augusta, Banfield, Bangor, Baroda, Battle Creek,
Bellevue, Benton Harbor, Berrien Springs, Bloomingdale, Bridgman, Buchanan, Burr
Oak, Cassopolis, Centreville, Climax, Coloma, Colon, Constantine, Covert,
Decatur, Delton, Dowagiac, Eau Claire, Edwardsburg, Fennville, Fulton,
Galesburg, Galien, Ganges, Glenn, Gobles, Grand Junction, Hamilton, Hartford,
Hastings, Hickory Corners, Hopkins, Kalamazoo, Lacey, Lacota, Lawrence, Lawton,
Marcellus, Marshall, Martin, Mattawan, Mendon, Middleville, New Buffalo, Niles,
Olivet, Otsego, Paw Paw, Pine Lake, Plainwell, Pullman, Richland, St Joseph,
Saugatuck, Sawyer, Schoolcraft, Scotts, Sister Lakes, South Haven, Sturgis,
Three Oaks, Three Rivers, Union, Vandalia, Vicksburg, Watervliet, Wayland, White
Pigeon, Woodland,Dearborn, Detroit, Grosse Pointe, Wayne,Adrian, Albion,
Burlington, Charlotte, Coldwater, Corunna, Hillsdale, Howell, Jackson, Lansing,
Owosso, St. Johns, Tecumseh,Armada, Center Line, Eastpointe, Mt. Clemens, New
Baltimore, New Haven, Richmond, Romeo, Roseville, Utica, Warren, Washington;
Macomb County,Ada, Allendale, Alto, Belding, Borculo, Byron Center, Caledonia,
Casnovia, Cedar Springs, Clarksville, Conklin, Coopersville, Dorr, Drenthe,
Dutton, Freeport, Grand Haven, Grand Rapids, Grattan, Greenville, Holland,
Hudsonville, Ionia, Jamestown, Kent City, Lake Odessa, Lowell, Marne, Moline,
Orleans, Rockford, Sand Lake (Kent Co.), Saranac, Sparta, Trufant, Wyoming,
ZeelandAnn Arbor, (part of) Livonia, Monroe, Ypsilanti, Detroit Metro Airport
,may overlay ,postponed indefinitely) Algonac, Almont, Avoca, Brighton, Brown
City, Byron, Capac, Clio, Columbiaville, Croswell, Davison, Deckerville, Dryden,
Emmett, Fenton, Flint, Flushing, Goodells, Goodrich, Grand Blanc, Hadley,
Hartland, Imlay City, Jeddo, Lapeer, Lennon, Lexington, Linden, Marine City,
Memphis, Metamora, Montrose, Mt. Clemens, Mt. Morris, New Lothrop, North Branch,
Otisville, Port Huron, Port Sanilac, Rankin, Roseville, St. Clair, Sandusky,
Smiths,Creek, Snover, Swartz Creek, Yale,Iron Mtn., Isle Royale, Marquette,
Menominee, Sault Ste. Marie; upper peninsula,Alma, Alpena, Atlanta, Bad Axe, Bay
City, Caro, Gaylord, Ithaca, Midland, Mt. Pleasant, Rogers City, Roscommon,
Saginaw, Stanton,Bemidji, Brainerd, Duluth, East Grand Forks, Elbow Lake,
Moorhead,Alexandria, Little Falls, St. Cloud, Wheaton,Canby, Fairmont,
Faribault, Gaylord,Kellogg, Luverne, Mankato, New Ulm, Northfield, Redwood
Falls, Rochester, Winona,Ft. Snelling, Lauderdale, Minneapolis, Richfield, St.
Anthony, M/SP Airport, no other towns,Arden Hills, Castle Rock, Columbus, Eagan,
Falcon Heights, Farmington, Harris, Lake City, Lino Lakes, Mendota, New
Brighton, Red Wing, Rosemount, Roseville, St. Paul, Shoreview, Stark,
Vermillion, Wabasha,Anoka, Blaine, Brooklyn Center, Brookylyn Park, Buffalo,
Cambridge, Champlin, Circle Pines, Columbia Heights, Coon Rapids, Elk River,
Fridley, Golden Valley, Ham Lake, Lexington, Maple Grove, Medina, Mounds View,
New Hope, Plymouth, Princeton, Robbinsdale; northwestern suburbs of
Minneapolis,Apple Valley, Belle Plaine, Bloomington, Burnsville, Chaska, Eden
Prairie, Edina, Hopkins, Lakeville, Minnetonka, New Germany, New Prague,
Norwood, St. Louis Park, Savage, Shakopee, Young America; southwestern suburbs
of Minneapolis,Bridgeton, Creve Coeur, Ferguson, Florissant, Hazelwood,
Kirkwood, Ladue, Mehlville, Oakville, Overland, Riverview, St. Louis,
Sappington, Spanish Lake, Webster Green ,Alton, Branson, Hermitage, Houston,
Joplin, Lebanon, Neosho, Nevada, Springfield, West Plains,Cape Girardeau,
Columbia, Fredericktown, Jefferson City, New Madrid, Poplar Bluff, Rolla,
Sikeston,Ballwin, Chesterfield, Crystal City, De Soto, Fenton, Festus, Foley,
Herculaneum, High Hill, Hillsboro, Holstein, Imperial, Jonesburg, Manchester,
Maxville, O'Fallon, Portage des Sioux, St. Charles, Troy, Truxton, Union, Valley
Park, Warrenton, Washington, West Alton, Winfield,Alexandria, Booneville,
Butler, Clinton, Kahoka, Kirksville, Marshall, Maryville, Moberly, Oregon,
Paris, Sedalia, Warsaw,Blue Springs, Harrisonville, Independence, Kansas City
MO, Richmond, St. Joseph, Warrensburg; Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana
Islands (entire territory),Bay St. Louis, Biloxi, Gulfport, Hurley, Moss Point,
Ocean Springs, Pascagoula, Pass Christian, Pearlington, extreme southern tip of
MS,Brookhaven, Carthage, Hattiesburg, Jackson, Laurel, Lucedale, McComb,
McNeill, Meridian, Natchez, Picayune, Vicksburg, Wiggins,Columbus, Corinth,
Greenville, Greenwood, Grenada, Oxford, Tupelo, Yazoo City,Cape Hatteras,
Elizabeth City, Greenville, Henderson, Kill Devil Hills, Kinston, Morehead City,
New Bern, Rocky Mount, Washington, Wilson,Asheboro, Burlington, Greensboro, High
Point, Jefferson, Lexington, Mt. Airy, Roxboro, Wilkesboro, Winston-Salem,
Yanceyville,Albemarle, Charlotte, Concord, Gastonia, Kannapolis, Lincolnton,
Monroe, Shelby, Statesville, Wadesboro,Asheville, Boone, Brevard, Forest City,
Granite Falls, Hendersonville, Hickory, Lenoir, Morganton, Newton,Dunn,
Fayetteville, Jacksonville, Laurinburg, Lumberton, Rockingham, Wilmington,Chapel
Hill, Durham, Goldsboro, Raleigh, Sanford, Smithfield;Central City, Grand
Island, Kearney, Merriman, North Platte, Scottsbluff,Columbus, Hastings,
Lincoln, Omaha, South Sioux City, Valentine,Bayonne, Cliffside Park, Englewood,
Fair Lawn, Hackensack, Hoboken, Jersey City, Leonia, Little Ferry, Lyndhurst,
Paramus, Park Ridge, Ramsey, Rutherford, Union ,Atlantic City, Barnegat, Browns
Mills, (part of) Buena Vista, Burlington, Cape May, Cranbury, Hightstown,
Lambertville, Lawrenceville, (most of) Medford, Pennington, Princeton, Trenton,
Willingboro, (part of) Winslow,Asbury Park, Bound Brook, Crestwood Village,
Freehold, Holmdel, Keyport, Lakewood, Long Branch, Metuchen, Monmouth Jct., New
Brunswick, Perth Amboy, Point Pleasant, Rahway, Red Bank, South River, Toms
River, Woodbridge;Bridgeton, (part of) Buena Vista, Camden, Cherry Hill, Dennis,
Glassboro, Haddonfield, (most of) Maurice River, (part of) Medford, Monroe,
Vineland, (most of) Waterford, (part of) WinslowBedminster, Bernardsville,
Clinton, Cranford, Elizabeth, Hackettstown, Linden, Plainfield, Somerville,
Summit, Union, Washington, Westfield,Belleville, Bloomfield, Boonton, Butler,
Caldwell, Dover, Hawthorne, Livingston, Madison, Millburn, Morristown, Newark,
Newton, Nutley, Orange, Passaic, Paterson, Succasunna, Verona, Wayne, Whippany,
Boulder City, Cal-Nev-Ari, Henderson, Indian Springs AFB, Las Vegas, Laughlin,
Mesquite, Moapa, North Las Vegas; almost all of Clark County,Alamo, Battle
Mountain, Carson City, Devil's Hole, Elko, Ely, Hawthorne, Mercury, Pahrump,
Reno, Sparks, Spring Creek, Tonopah, Winnemucca; everything outside of Clark
County,New York City ,Manhattan Auburn, Geneva, Little Falls, Ontario, Oswego,
Penn Yan, Potsdam, Rome, Romulus, Syracuse, Utica, Watertown,Long Island (Nassau
County): Albertson, Baldwin, Bayville, Bethpage, Elmont, Farmingdale, Floral
Park, Franklin Square, Garden City, Great Neck, Hempstead, Hicksville, Jericho,
Levittown, Locust Grove, Long Beach, Lynbrook, Manhasset, Massapequa, Mineola,
Oceanside, Oyster Bay, Plainview, Port Washington, Roslyn, Sea Cliff, Syosset,
Uniondale, Valley Stream, Westbury, Williston Park, Woodbury; exactly covers
Nassau County,Albany, Colonie, Glens Falls, Gloversville, Schenectady,
Troy,Albion, Batavia, Belmont, Brighton, Canandaigua, Dansville, Gates, Geneseo,
Greece, Hall, Irondequoit, Medina, Rochester, Warsaw, Webster, Wellsville,
Wyoming; all or most of Allegany, Genesee, Livingston, Monroe, Ontario, Orleans,
and Wyoming Counties, plus parts of Steuben and Yates Counties,Binghamton,
Corning,Cortland, Elmira, Hornell, Ithaca, Oneonta, Roscoe,Long Island (Suffolk
County): Amityville, Bay Shore, Brentwood, Brookhaven, Centereach, Cold Spring
Harbor, Commack, Deer Park, Fishers Island, The Hamptons, Hauppauge, Holbrook,
Huntington Station, Islip, Lindenhurst, Montauk, Oakdale, Patchogue, Port
Jefferson, Riverhead, Rocky Point, Sayville, Smithtown, Stony Brook, West
Babylon; exactly covers Suffolk County,Buffalo, Dunkirk, Fredonia, Jamestown,
Lancaster, Lockport, Niagara Falls, Olean, Salamanca, Tonawanda; exactly
coterminous with Cattaraugus, Chautauqua, Erie, and Niagara Counties, plus the
Tonawanda and Oil Springs Indian Reservations,New York City (Bronx, Brooklyn,
Queens, Staten Island). incl. Far Rockaway, Flushing, Jamaica, Long Island
City,Brewster, Callicoon, Carmel, Dunraven, Kingston, Middletown, Monticello,
Nanuet, New City, Newburgh, Nyack, Pearl River, Poughkeepsie, Saugerties,
Tappan, West Point,Bedford, Chappaqua, Croton Falls, Dobbs Ferry, Harrison,
Larchmont, Mamaroneck, Mt. Vernon, New Rochelle, Peekskill, Purchase, Rye,
Scarsdale, Tarrytown, Tuckahoe, White Plains, Yonkers; exactly covers
Westchester County,New York City ,Beachwood, Cleveland, Euclid, Independence,
Lakewood, Shaker Heights,Akron, Aurora, Brunswick, Canton, East Liverpool, Kent,
Medina, Millersburg, New Philadelphia, Northfield, Warren, Wooster,
YoungstownBowling Green, Defiance, Findlay, Holland, Lima, Mansfield, Maumee,
Sandusky, Sylvania, Toledo;Ashtabula, Bedford, Berea, Chagrin Falls, Elyria,
Lorain, Mayfield Hts., Mentor, North Olmsted, (most of) Parma, Strongsville,
Vermilion,Cherry Grove, Cincinnati, Fairhaven, Fayetteville, Glendale,
Groesbeck, Hamilton, Loveland, Madison Place, Mason, Middletown, Montgomery,
Northside, Norwood, Oxford, Price Hill, Rossmoyne, Utopia;Franklin,cities of
Franklin and Springboro, the Village of Carlisle, and the townships of
Clearcreek and Franklin,Canal Winchester, Columbus, Gahanna, Grove City,
Harrisburg, Hilliard, Jersey, Lockbourne, New Albany, Plain City, Reynoldsburg,
West Jefferson, Westerville, Worthington;Ashville, Athens, Bainbridge,
Baltimore, Carroll, Chillicothe, Condit, Delaware, Jelloway, Johnstown,
Knockemstiff, Lancaster, London, Marietta, Marion, Mt. Sterling, Mt. Vernon,
Nevada, Newark, Pleasant View, Portsmouth, Rathbone, St. Clairsville,
Steubenville, Sunbury, Uhrichsville, Washington Court House, Zanesville,Bardwell,
Beavercreek, Bellefontaine, Blanchester, Camden, Centerville, Dayton, Fairborn,
Greenfield, Higginsport, Hillsboro, Miamisburg, Springfield, Wilmington,
Xenia;Anadarko, Bethany, Bridgeport, Chickasha, Colony, Edmond, Guthrie,
Hennessey, Holdenville, Midwest City, Moore, Norman, Oklahoma City, Pauls
Valley, Shawnee, Stillwater, Weleetka, Yale,Ada, Altus, Apache, Ardmore,
Clinton, Duncan, Durant, Enid, Guymon, Hugo, Idabel, Konawa, Lawton, Ponca City,
Rush Springs, Weatherford,Bartlesville, Broken Arrow, McAlester, Muskogee,
Tahlequah, Tulsa, Beaverton, Dallas, Gresham, Hillsboro, Lake Oswego, Milwaukie,
Neskowin, Oregon City, Portland, Salem, Tigard, Tualatin, Astoria, Bay City,
Beaver, Cannon Beach, Cloverdale, Garibaldi, Jewell, Knappa, Nehalem, Pacific
City, Rockaway, Seaside, Tillamook, Warrenton,Albany, Ashland, Bend, Coos Bay,
Corvallis, Crater Lake, Eugene, Florence, Grants Pass, Hermiston, Klamath Falls,
La Grande, Lebanon, Lincoln City, Medford, Newport, Ontario, Pendleton,
Roseburg, Springfield, The Dalles, Wolf Creek,Ambler, Bristol, Churchville,
Doylestown, Hatboro, Kulpsville, Langhorne, New Hope, Philadelphia, Quakertown,
Warrington, Willow Grove,Bethel Park, Carnegie, Coraopolis, Monroeville,
Pittsburgh, Wilkinsburg; Bloomsburg, Hazleton, Lewisburg, Lock Haven, Milton,
Muncy, Pittston, Pottsville, Scranton, Selinsburg, Stroudburg, Sunbury,
Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport,Allentown, Ardmore, Bala Cynwyd, Bethlehem, Bryn Mawr,
Chester, Collegeville, Conshohocken, Easton, King of Prussia, Norristown, Paoli,
Reading, Wayne, West Chester; ,Camp Hill, Carlisle, Chambersburg, Gettysburg,
Harrisburg, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lewistown, Mechanicsburg, Shippensburg,
York,Aliquippa, Butler, Connellsville, Greenville, Indiana, Kittanning, Latrobe,
New Castle, Rochester, Sharon, Uniontown, Washington; surrounds but does not
include Pittsburgh; ,Altoona, Bedford, Bellefonte, Clarion, Clearfield, Erie,
Huntingdon, Johnstown, Meadville, Oil City, Punxsutawney, State College,
Warren,Puerto Rico,American Samoa,Aiken, Atkins, Batesburg, Branchville, Camden,
Chester, Columbia, Edgefield, Estill, Hampton, Holly Hill, Kershaw, Lancaster,
Lexington, Lynchburg, Manning, Newberry, North Augusta, Orangeburg, Rock Hill,
Sumter, Whitmire, York, central area,Beaufort, Bethune, Charleston,
Chesterfield, Conway, Darlington, Florence, Georgetown, Harleysville,
Hartsville, Hilton Head Island, Lodge, Mt. Pleasant, Myrtle Beach, Olanta,
Ridgeland, St. George, Summerville, Turbeville, Walterboro, coastal
areas,Anderson, Clemson, Gaffney, Greenville, Greenwood, Greer, Laurens, Saluda,
Seneca, Spartanburg, Union, northwestern area Athens, Blountville, Bluff City,
Bristol, Bulls Gap, Charleston, Chattanooga, Cleveland, Clinchport, Coker Creek,
Cumberland Gap, Dayton, Deer Lodge, Englewood, Etowah, Fork Ridge, Greeneville,
Huntsville, Jellico, Johnson City, Kingsport, La Follette, Madisonville, Midway,
Morristown, New Tazewell, Newport, Niota, Oakdale, Oneida, Petros, Pikeville,
Riceville, Robbins, Rogersville, Sneedville, Soddy Daisy, Sunbright,
Surgoinsville, Sweetwater, Tellico Plains, Vonore, Wartburg, West
Sweetwater,Carthage, Dickson, Gallatin, Franklin, Lafayette, Lebanon,
Murfreesboro, Nashville, Portland, Red Boiling Springs, Smithville,
Springfield,Bolivar, Brownsville, Dyersburg, Henning, Humboldt, Jackson,
Lexington, McKenzie, Martin, Milan, Paris, Ripley, Savannah, Stanton, Union
City, Whiteville; Counties: Benton, Carroll, Chester, Crockett, Decatur, Dyer,
Gibson, Hardeman, Hardin, Haywood, Henderson, Henry, Lake, Lauderdale, McNairy,
Madison, Obion, Weakley,Ball Play, Bean Station, Bent Creek, Chestnut Hill,
Claxton, Clinton, Concord, Dandridge, Gatlinburg, Greenback, Halls Cross Roads,
Harriman, Jefferson City, Kingston, Knoxville, Lake City, Lenoir City, Loudon,
Maryville, Mascot, Maynardville, Norris, Oak Ridge, Oliver Springs, Powell,
Rockwood, Rutledge, Sevierville, Sharps Chapel, Solway, Tate Springs, Washburn,
White Pine, Great Smoky Mountains N.P,Covington, Memphis, Somerville, West
Whiteville; Counties: Shelby, Tipton, and FayetteCelina, Clarksville, Columbia,
Cookeville, Crossville, Land Between the Lakes, McEwen, McMinnville, Manchester,
Shelbyville, Sparta,Alamo Heights, Elmendorf, Lackland AFB, Leon Springs, San
Antonio, Shavano Park, Universal City, Wetmore,Addison, Allen, Carrollton,
Celina, Dallas, Duncanville, Ennis, Farmers Branch, Frisco, Garland, Grand
Prairie, Irving, Italy, Kaufman, Lavon, Lewisville, McKinney, Mesquite,
Midlothian, Plano, Renner, Richardson, Seagoville, Terrell,
Waxahatchie.Breckenridge, Cameron, Cross Plains, Florence, Glen Rose, Hamilton,
Hillsboro, Killeen, Marlin, Mexia, Sidney, Stephenville, Temple, Waco,Abilene,
Albany, Baird, Bend, Big Lake, Big Valley, Brady, Brownwood, Coleman, Colorado
City, Comanche, Goldthwaite, Junction, Llano, Mason, Ozona, Putnam, San Angelo,
San Saba, Snyder, Stamford, Sterling City, SweetwaterAlice, Beeville, Charco,
Corpus Christi, Cuero, Edna, Flatonia, Goliad, Hebbronville, Kingsville,
Palacios, Port Aransas, Victoria, Waelder, Yoakum, Yorktown,Anahuac, Beaumont,
Bronson, China, Colmesneil, Double Bayou, Galveston, Hankamer, Hemphill,
Hitchcock, Jasper, Kountze, La Marque, Lumberton, Milam, Nederland, Nome,
Pineland, Port Arthur, Port Neches, Santa Fe, Sour Lake, Texas City, Wallisville,
Warren, Westbury, Wildwood, Woodville,Ackerly, Alpine, Andrews, Big Bend N.P.,
Big Spring, Comstock, East Hobbs, Ft. Davis, Ft. Stockton, Garden City, Iraan,
Kermit, Langtry, Marfa, Midland, Monahans, Odessa, Orla, Pecos, Presidio,
Rankin, Sanderson, Seminole, Sheffield, Terlingua, Toyah, Valentine, Van
Horn,Austin, Bastrop, Georgetown, Jollyville, Lampasas, Lockhart, Manchaca,
Pflugerville, Rockdale, Round Rock, San Marcos, Smithville, Webberville; Aldine,
Alief, Alvin, Bammel, Barker, Baytown, Channelview, Cleveland, (part of)
Houston, Humble, Katy, Kemah, League City, Richmond, Rosenberg, Spring, Sugar
Land, Tomball, Bellaire, (most of) Houston, Pasadena, Southside Place, West
University Place,Amarillo, Borger, Bovina, Dalhart, Denver City, Guthrie,
Hereford, Jayton, Lamesa, Lubbock, Memphis, Paducah, Pampa, Plainview,
Post,Arlington, Cleburne, Euless, Fort Worth, Granbury, Grapevine, North
Richland Hills, Rhome, Roanoke, Saginaw, Weatherford; Boerne, Carrizo Springs,
Del Rio, Eagle Pass, Floresville, Fredericksburg, Gonzales, Kenedy, Kerrville,
Luling, Marble Falls, New Braunfels, Seguin, Somerset; surrounds, but does not
include, San Antonio,Athens, Carthage, Centerville, Corsicana, Denison,
Greenville, Henderson, Jacksonville, Kilgore, Longview, Marshall, Mt. Pleasant,
Palestine, Paris, Rusk, Sherman, Texarkana, Tyler;El Paso, Fabens, Guadalupe
Mountains N.P., Milehigh, Sierra Blanca,Alto, Anderson, Austonio, Batson,
Broaddus, Center, Chester, Coldspring, Conroe, Corrigan, Crockett, Cushing, Cut
and Shoot, Dayton, Devers, Etoile, Evergreen, Garrison, Goodrich, Grapeland,
Hardin, Hilltop Lakes, Hull, Huntsville, Iola, Joaquin, Liberty, Livingston,
Lufkin, Madisonville, Montgomery, Nacogdoches, Navasota, Normangee, North Zulch,
Onalaska, Plantersville, Prairie View, Raywood, Reklaw, Ruby, San Augustine,
Saratoga, Segno, Shepherd, Shiro, Tenaha, Timpson, Waller, Washington,
Willis,Zavalla,Aspermont, Benjamin, Childress, Crowell, Decatur, Denton,
Gainesville, Graham, Haskell, Mineral Wells, Wichita Falls,Alamo, Brownsville,
Donna, Edcouch, Edinburg, El Sauz, Elsa, Encinal, Falcon, Falcon Heights,
Harlingen, La Feria, La Grulla, La Joya, Laredo, Lopeno, Los Fresnos, McAllen,
Mercedes, Mission, Pharr, Port Isael, Raymondville, Rio Grande City, Rio Hondo,
Roma, San Benito, San Isidro, San Juan, San Ygnacio, South Padre Island,
Sullivan City, Weslaco, Zapata,Angleton, Bay City, Beasley, Bellville, Borden,
Brazoria, Brenham, Bryan/College Station, Caldwell, Calvert, Clute, Damon,
Deanville, Dime Box, Eagle Lake, East Bernard, El Campo, Franklin, Freeport,
Garwood, Giddings, Hearne, Hempstead, High Hill, Kurten, La Grange, Lake
Jackson, Lexington, Louise, Markham, Matagorda, Moravia, Needville, New Ulm,
Northrup, Plum, Schulenburg, Sealy, Snook, Tunis, Wallis, Weimar, West Columbia,
Wharton,Brigham City, Cedar City, Heber City, Helper, Logan, Moab, Nephi, Park
City, Price, St. George, Tooele, Vernal.,Alta, Holladay, Kearns, Magna, Midvale,
Murray, Salt Lake City,northern section: Bountiful, Clearfield, Farmington,
Kaysville, Morgan, Ogden;,southern section:,American Fork, Goshen, Lehi, Orem,
Payson, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Spanish Fork, Spanish Fork Canyon, Springville;
Abingdon, Austinville, Axton, Bassett, Bland, Bluefield, Boissevain, Bristol,
Collinsville, Galax, Hillsville, Laurel Fork, Marion, Martinsville, Max Meadows,
Meadows of Dan, Ridgeway, Rocky Gap, Stuart, Sylvatus, Woolwine,
Wytheville,Alberta, Allwood, Alta Vista, Amherst, Appomattox, Arvonia, Bachelors
Hall, Barnesville, Beechwood, Big Island, Blackridge, Blackstone, Boydton,
Brodnax, Brookneal, Buckingham, Burkeville, Capron, Charlotte Court House,
Charlottesville, Chase City, Chatham, Clarksville, Clover, Concord, Crewe,
Crozet, Danville, Dillwyn, Drakes Branch, Emporia, Eppes Fork, Farmville, Fork
Union, Gladstone, Gladys, Gretna, Halifax, Hampden-Sydney, Hurt, Jarratt,
Kenbridge, Keysville, La Crosse, Lawrenceville, Lovingston, Lynchburg, Oronoco,
Palmyra, Pamplin, Piney River, Prospect, Renan, Rustburg, Sandy Level, Schuyler,
Scottsville, South Boston, South Brunswick, Stanardsville, Stony Creek, Sweet
Briar, Turbeville, Victoria, Virgilina, Volens, Whitmell,Brokenburg, Calverton,
Catoctin, Craigsville, Criglersville, Culpeper, Dahlgren, Elkton,
Fredericksburg, Front Royal, Gordonsville, Greenwood, Grottoes, Harrisonburg,
Hot Springs, King George, Louisa, McClung, Madison, Middleburg, Mineral, Mount
Gilead, Mountain Grove, New Hope, Raphine,Shenandoah, Spotsylvania, Stafford,
Stanley, Staunton, The Plains, Warrenton, Waynesboro, Weyers Cave,
Williamsville, Winchester, Bedford, Blacksburg, Brownsburg, Buchanan, Buena
Vista, Burnt Chimney, Christiansburg, Clifton Forge, Covington, Dublin, Ferrum,
Floyd, Glasgow, Lexington, Locust Grove, Narrows, Pulaski, Radford, Roanoke,
Rocky Mount, Salem, Stone Mountain, Union Hall, Willis; Alexandria, Arlington,
Centreville, Engleside, Fairfax, Falls Church, Herndon, Leesburg, Lorton,
McLean, Manassas, Occoquan, Vienna;Chesapeake, Chincoteague, Courtland, Great
Bridge, Hampton, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, Suffolk, Virginia Beach,
Williamsburg/Jamestown, Amelia Court House, Ashland, Beaverdam, Bethia, Bowling
Green, Callao, Cartersville, Charles City, Chester, Colonial Beach, Cumberland,
Dawn, Deltaville, Dinwiddie, Disputanta, Doswell, Enon, Farnham, Fife,
Gloucester, Goochland, Gum Tree, Hague, Hanover, Hayes, Heathsville, Hopewell,
Irvington, Kilmarnock, King and Queen, King William, Lively, McKenney, Manakin,
Mathews, Mechanicsville, Midlothian, Montpelier, Montross, Old Church,
Petersburg, Port Royal, Powhatan, Providence Forge, Reedville, Richmond,
Rockville, Sandston, Tappahannock, Varina, Warsaw, Waverly, West
Point,Bainbridge Isl., Mercer Isl., Newhalem, Sea-Tac Airport, Seattle, Vashon
Isl.; Auburn, Federal Way, Gig Harbor, Kent, Puyallup, Tacoma; Aberdeen,
Bellingham, Bremerton, Camas, Friday Harbor, Lacey, Langley, Longview,
Marysville, Mount Vernon, Olympia, Orchards, Port Angeles, Port Townsend,
Poulsbo, Shelton, Silverdale, Vancouver, Olympic NP, Mt. Rainier; Bellevue,
Bothell, Everett, Issaquah, Kirkland, Lynnwood, Redmond, Renton, Silver Lake,
Snoqualmie Pass;Easton, Ellensburg, Kennewick, Pasco, Pullman, Richland,
Spokane, Stevenson, Walla Walla, Wenatchee, Winthrop, Yakima,Brookfield,
Burlington, Delavan, Elm Grove, Hartland, Kenosha, Lake Geneva, Menomonee Falls,
New Berlin, Racine, Thiensville, Waukesha, West Bend, Whitewater,Brown Deer, Fox
Point, Franklin, Glendale, Greenfield, Milwaukee, Muskego, Oak Creek, Shorewood,
Wauwatosa, West Allis, Whitefish Bay,Alma, Beloit, Janesville, La Crosse,
Madison, Middleton, Monroe, Montello, Platteville, Portage, Richland Center,
Tomah, Westfield,Black River Falls, Clintonville, Coloma, Eau Claire, Elk Mound,
Marinette, Rhinelander, Schofield, Stevens Point, Superior, Wausau, Wisconsin
Rapids,Appleton, Berlin, Cedar Grove, Columbus, De Pere, Fond du Lac, Fort
Atkinson, Green Bay, Jefferson, Manitowoc, Neenah, New London, Oconto, Oneida,
Oshkosh, Princeton, Sheboygan, Sturgeon Bay, Watertown,150 Mile House, Campbell
River, Cortes Island, Courtenay, Cranbrook, Ft. St. John, Gold Bridge, Kamloops,
Kelowna, Lantzville, Lasqueti Island, Lillooet, Lytton, Manning Park, Merritt,
Nanaimo, Penticton, Port Alberni, Prince George, Prince Rupert, Princeton,
Shalalth, Vernon, Victoria, Abbotsford, Aldergrove, Bowen Island, Cloverdale,
Fort Langley, Haney, Ladner, Langley, Mission, New Westminster, Newton, North
Vancouver, Pitt Meadows, Port Coquitlam, Port Moody, Richmond, Vancouver, West
Vancouver, Whalley, White Rock, Whonnock, Agassiz, Black Point, Boston Bar,
Britannia Beach, Chilliwack, D'Arcy, Gibsons, Hemlock Valley, Hope, Pemberton,
Pender Harbour, Port Mellon, Powell River, Rosedale, Sardis, Sechelt, Squamish,
Vananda, Westview, Whistler, Yale, Yarro,concentrated overlay on Vancouver metro
area,Alberta, Airdrie, Banff, Calgary, Drumheller, Head-Smashed-In, Lethbridge,
Medicine Hat, Ponoka, Red Deer, Stettler, Hwy.Camrose,Edmonton, Edson, Ft.
McMurray, Grande Prairie, Jasper, Lloydminster, Slave Lake, Vegreville,
Wainwright, Wetaskiwin, Hwy. 13,Sask.,Saskatchewan (entire
province)Manitoba,Manitoba (entire province),Ontario, Toronto (incl. East York,
Etobicoke, North York, Scarborough, York),Brantford, Chatham, Galt, Guelph,
Hespeler, Kitchener, London, Orangeville, Owen Sound, Sarnia, Stratford,
Windsor, Woodstock, Belleville, Brighton, Brockville, Cardiff, Cornwall,
Kingston, Marmora, Orleans, Ottawa, Petawawa, Rolphton, Trenton, Whitney,
Algonquin Park, Alliston, Barrie, Collingwood, Hastings, Lindsay, Millbrook,
North Bay, Orillia, Peterborough, Sault Sainte Marie, Sudbury, Sunderland,
Timmins, Warkworth, Wilberforce, Atikokan, Dryden, Ft. Frances, Ft. Severn,
Hornepayne, Kenora, Marathon, Nakina, Nipigon, Thunder Bay, White River, Ajax,
Ancaster, Beeton, Bradford, Brampton, Burlington, Caledon, Castleton, Cobourg,
Cooksville, Dundas, Ft. Erie, Freelton, Georgetown, Hamilton, Keswick, Malton,
Milton, Mississauga, Newmarket, Niagara Falls, Oakville, Oshawa, Port Credit,
Port Perry, Richmond Hill, St. Catharines, Selkirk, Streetsville, Thornhill,
Unionville, Welland, suburbs of Toronto;Alma, Baie-Comeau, Batiscan,
Charlesbourg, Chibougamou, Chicoutimi, Fermont, Gaspé, Havre-St.-Pierre,
Jonquière, Lévis, Loretteville, Lotbinière, Québec, Rimouski, Rivière-du-Loup,
St.-Augustin, St.-Gédéon, St.-Georges, St.-Tite, Schefferville, Sept-Îles,
Stratford, Thetford Mines,Berthierville, Boucherville, Brossard, Brownsburg,
Chateauguay, Chomedey, Eastman, Granby, Joliette, Kahnawake, Lachute, Laval,
Lawrenceville, Le Gardeur, Longueuil, Mansonville, Mirabel, St.-Eustache, St.-Hugues,
St.-Hyacinthe, St.-Jean, St.-Jean-de-Matha, St.-Jérôme, St.-Lambert, Ste.-Adèle,
Ste.-Cathérine, Ste.-Thérèse, Salaberry-de-Valleyfield, Sorel, Terrebonne,
Valcourt, Vaudreuil;Montréal,Dorval, Île-Bizard, Île des Soeurs, Île-Perrot,
Lachine, Montréal, Pointe-Claire Asbestos, Drummondville, Gatineau, Hull,
Inukjuak, Ivujivik, Kangiqsualujjuaq, Kangiqsujuaq, Kuujjuaq (Ft. Chimo),
Kuujuarapik, La Tuque, Lac-Mégantic, Magog, Matagami, Radisson, Rouyn-Noranda,
Shawinigan, Sherbrooke, Trois-Rivières, Val-d'Or, Victoriaville,New Brunswick
(entire province),Nova Scotia (entire province), Prince Edward Island (entire
province), Newfoundland and Labrador (entire province), Yukon, Yukon Territory
(entire territory),Northwest Territory.
Crinoids,
also known as "sea lilies" or "feather-stars", are marine animals
that make up the class Crinoidea
of the echinoderms
(phylum Echinodermata). They
live both in shallow water and in depths as great as 6000 meters.
Crinoids are characterized by a
mouth on the top surface that is surrounded by feeding arms. They have a
U-shaped gut, and their anus is located next to the mouth. Although the basic
echinoderm pattern of five-fold symmetry can be recognized, most crinoids have
many more than five arms. Crinoids usually have a stem used to attach themselves
to a
substrate, but many live attached only as juveniles and become free-swimming
as adults. There are only a few hundred known modern forms, but crinoids were
much more numerous both in species and numbers in the past. Some thick
limestone beds
dating to the mid- to
late-Paleozoic are entirely made up of disarticulated
crinoids fragmentsThe earliest
known crinoids come from the
Ordovician.
They are thought to have evolved from primitive echinoderms known as
Eocystoids. Confusingly, another
early group of echinoderms were also the
Eocrinoids, but that group is currently thought to be an ancestor of
blastoids
rather than of crinoids. Some fossil crinoids, such as
Pentacrinites, seem to have lived attached to floating driftwood and
complete colonies are often found. Sometimes this driftwood would become
waterlogged and sink to the bottom, taking the attached crinoids with it. The
stem of Pentacrinites can
be several metres long. Modern relatives of
Pentacrinites live in
gentle currents attached to rocks by the end of their stem, which is fairly
short .
Most modern
crinoids
are free-swimming and lack a stem. Examples of free-swimming
crinoid fossils
include
Marsupitsa,
Saccocoma and Uintacrinus. Many fossils of
free-swimming crinoids (such as
Pterocoma) are found in the
Jurassic-dated
Solnhofen limestone of
Solnhofen in
Germany, and the
Cretaceous-dated
Niobrara chalk of Kansas contains large numbers of
Uintacrinus.
In 2005, a stalked
crinoids was recorded pulling itself along the sea floor off
the Grand Bahamas Island. While it has been known that stalked
crinoids move, prior to this recording the fastest motion of a
crinoid was 0.6
meters/hour (2 ft/h). The 2005 recording showed a
crinoid moving at
140 meters/hour (460 ft/h).[1]
Crinoids comprise three basic sections; the Stem, Calyx, and the
Arms. The stem is composed of highly porous ossicles which are
filled with muscular tissue. The Calyx contains the
crinoid's
digestive and reproductive organs, and the mouth is located at
the top of the dorsal cup, while the anus is located peripheral
to it. The brachials(arms) display pentameral symmetry and
comprise smaller
ossicles than the stem and are equipped with cirri which
facilitate feeding by moving the the organic media down the arm
and into the mouth.
Crinoids
reproduce sexually by the males releasing their sperm and the
females releasing their eggs into the current where they will
develop into a bottom-dwelling non-feeding larval stage and then
eventually grow a stalk(in the stalked crinoids), and within 10
to 16 months will be able to reproduce. In some cases the female
of the species has been known to temporarily
brood
the
larva.
The crinoids
have had an eventful geologic history. Once evolved, they soon
spread to a variety of marine habitats. The group as a whole
suffered a major crisis during the
Permian period when most of the crinoid forms of the
Palaeozoic era died out, with a few surviving into the
Triassic period. During the
Mesozoic era there was another great radiation of the
crinoids with more modern forms possessing flexible arms
becoming widespread.
The long and varied geological history of the
crinoids demonstrates how well the
echinoderms have adapted to filter-feeding. The
fossils of other stalked filter-feeding
echinoderms, such as
blastoids, are also found in the rocks of
the
Palaeozoic era. These extinct groups can
exceed the crinoids in both numbers and variety
in certain horizons. They were evidently
competing with the crinoids on an equal basis.
However, none of these others survived the
crisis at the end of the Permian period.
An
abundance of (stemmed)
crinoids occurs in the rocks of the
Silurian period in the United Kingdom and
the eastern United States, the Devonian period
of Kentucky, Michigan, Illinois, New York state
and the Hunsrück Slates near Bundenbach in the
Eifel region of Germany, the Carboniferous
period of the United Kingdom, Belgium and
Russia, the Mississippian period of Iowa,
Indiana, and Alabama, the Pennsylvanian period
of the mid-continental United States, the
Permian period of the island of Timor, and the
Triassic period of Germany. They are the state
fossil of Missouri. Some prehistoric crinoids,
like
Solanocrinus, lacked stems.
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